{"id":52274,"date":"2012-06-15T10:37:08","date_gmt":"2012-06-15T07:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/?p=52274"},"modified":"2012-06-15T11:08:10","modified_gmt":"2012-06-15T08:08:10","slug":"adil-bir-yargilama-mumkun-mu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/?p=52274","title":{"rendered":"Adil bir yarg\u0131lama m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ergenekon, Balyoz ve benzeri davalarda uzun tutukluluk ile tutuklu yarg\u0131laman\u0131n kural haline geldi\u011fi \u00fclkemizde, bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 bellidir. Ancak New Scientist dergisi soruyu siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fil, bili\u015fsel a\u00e7\u0131dan irdeliyor.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet- Dergiye g\u00f6re insan beyninin zaaflar\u0131 adil bir yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 raydan \u00e7\u0131kartabilir. Ancak yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde at\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f ad\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek olas\u0131…\u00a0<\/p>\n

Diyelim ki, a\u011f\u0131r bir cezay\u0131 gerektiren ciddi bir su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015fsiniz; dava karar a\u015famas\u0131na gelmi\u015f ve siz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecanla hakimin verece\u011fi karar\u0131 bekliyorsunuz. Bu noktada yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z tek \u015fey, hakimin karn\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7 olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in dua etmek!..<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.000 tahliye talebinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Jonathan Levav ve ekibi, hakimlerin sabah\u0131n ilk saatlerinde veya \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011finden hemen sonra verdi\u011fi kararlar\u0131n olumlu olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7 veya tok olmak gibi masum ve s\u0131radan bir \u015feyin, bir insan\u0131n kaderini belirliyor olmas\u0131 -parmakl\u0131klar arkas\u0131nda kalmak veya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fmak gibi- asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z edici bir durum. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r uygar d\u00fcnyada uygulanmakta olan yasal sistemler, herkesin yasalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda e\u015fit oldu\u011fu ve adil ve tarafs\u0131z bir yarg\u0131lanmay\u0131 hak etti\u011fi temel kurallar\u0131 \u00fczerine kuruludur. Ve bu s\u00fcrecin her a\u015famas\u0131, insan akl\u0131n\u0131n rasyonelli\u011fine dayan\u0131r. Ancak insan beyninin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemati\u011fini inceleyen bilim insanlar\u0131 %100 bir rasyonelli\u011fin olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

San\u0131\u011f\u0131n ak\u0131beti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hakimin karar\u0131n\u0131 verirken karn\u0131n\u0131n tok olmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok basit bir nedene dayan\u0131yor. Tahliye talepleri \u00e7ok zor kararlard\u0131r; tehlikeli bir su\u00e7luyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 sal\u0131vermek \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir. Hakim a\u00e7 veya yorgun ise, dava ile \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek enerjiden yoksundur. Bu y\u00fczden tedbirli olmak ad\u0131na hata yapmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alarak, tahliye talebini reddedebilir (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 108, p 6889).<\/p>\n

Bellek yan\u0131lsamalar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ya\u015fanan en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 insan belle\u011finin yan\u0131labilirlik olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l \u00f6nce psikologlar ve sinirbilimciler, insan belle\u011finin kolayca yan\u0131lt\u0131labildi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131lar. Bu da sorgulama s\u00fcrecinde tan\u0131klar\u0131n beyninin manip\u00fcle edilebilece\u011fi, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n veya t\u00fcm\u00fcyle hayali olaylar\u0131n belle\u011fe a\u015f\u0131lanabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bunun i\u00e7in emniyet \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin pek \u00e7o\u011fu, tan\u0131klar\u0131 sorguya \u00e7eken g\u00f6revlilerin bellek karma\u015fas\u0131na yol a\u00e7mamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 kurallar geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

Levav ve benzerlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bug\u00fcne dek bellek yan\u0131lsamalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bili\u015fsel sapmalar\u0131n da adaletin i\u015fleyi\u015fini bozdu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bili\u015fsel zaaflar ve \u00f6nleme y\u00f6ntemleri:<\/p>\n

1<\/strong>– Kimlik te\u015fhisinde yan\u0131lma:<\/strong> Su\u00e7lu olmas\u0131ndan ku\u015fkulan\u0131lan ki\u015filerin tutuklanarak te\u015fhis i\u00e7in emniyette s\u0131raya dizilmesi, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f ki\u015fileri te\u015fhis etmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanabiliyor. ABD\u2019de Masumiyet Projesi (Innocence Project) ad\u0131 verilen bir sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc, vakalar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde tan\u0131klar\u0131n su\u00e7luyu yanl\u0131\u015f te\u015fhis etti\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131. \u0130leri a\u015famalarda yap\u0131lan DNA analizlerinde yanl\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Peki bu gibi durumlarda hataya yol a\u00e7an fakt\u00f6r nedir?<\/p>\n

Kuramsal olarak bu hataya yol a\u00e7an neden a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Tan\u0131k i\u00e7in san\u0131klar\u0131n yan yana dizilmesi, birbirine benzeyen 8-9 ki\u015fiyi \u2013tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc cam\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan veya foto\u011fraflar\u0131ndan- te\u015fhis etmek zorunda kalmak demektir. E\u011fer tan\u0131k, zanl\u0131y\u0131 tam olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015fse, polisin tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131ltmak i\u00e7in araya s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalanc\u0131 san\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015faret edebilir. Bu durumda polisin tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n te\u015fhisini ge\u00e7ersiz sayma hakk\u0131 do\u011far. Aksi takdirde pozitif bir te\u015fhis, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n aleyhine kan\u0131t olarak tutanaklara i\u015flenir.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 hatan\u0131n olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun bir zemin yarat\u0131r.. Zanl\u0131lar ayn\u0131 anda s\u0131raya dizilip tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n insaf\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 zaman, tan\u0131k \u00e7o\u011funlukla her birini bir di\u011feri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; belle\u011finde kalan \u00f6zelliklere en uygun ki\u015fiyi se\u00e7ece\u011fine, kendi akl\u0131nca \u201csu\u00e7lu olmas\u0131 en uygun\u201d ki\u015fiyi se\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

University of London\u2019dan psikolog Amina Memon, tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu psikolojiyi \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201c\u0130nsanlar bu durumda birini se\u00e7mek zorundaym\u0131\u015f gibi hissederler; bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir stres yarat\u0131r. Tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi ki\u015fi \u00e7o\u011funlukla mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7lu \u2013su\u00e7lu olmasa dahi- muamelesi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorumluluktur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu a\u015famada hataya d\u00fc\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in psikologlar zanl\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na tek tek \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131, zanl\u0131lar\u0131 birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma olana\u011f\u0131 bulamaz. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bunun daha uygun bir strateji oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Minneapolis\u2019teki Augsburg College\u2019dan Nancy Steblay, bu iki te\u015fhis y\u00f6ntemini kesinle\u015fmi\u015f mahkeme kararlar\u0131na dayanarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve tek tek yap\u0131lan te\u015fhisin di\u011ferine g\u00f6re %20 daha az hataya yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131 (Psychology, Public Policy and law, vol 17, p 99).<\/p>\n

2-<\/strong> San\u0131\u011fa su\u00e7unu itiraf ettirme y\u00f6ntemleri:<\/strong> Somut kan\u0131tlar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda zanl\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan y\u00fcz y\u00fcze g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler soru\u015fturman\u0131n belkemi\u011fini olu\u015fturur. Bu gibi durumlarda su\u00e7lunun su\u00e7unu itiraf etmesi i\u00e7in en uygun y\u00f6ntem nedir?<\/p>\n

Bir kere \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren, sald\u0131rgan bir sorgulama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma zor kullanarak yap\u0131lan bir soru\u015fturmada zanl\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flemedi\u011fi bir su\u00e7u \u00fcstlendi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Memon bu konuda \u015f\u00f6yle konu\u015fuyor: \u201cBirinin \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurarsan\u0131z, su\u00e7u \u00fcstlenirse serbest kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umarak itiraf eder. Sorgucunun bl\u00f6f yaparak su\u00e7luyu direnmekten vazge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da beklenen sonucu vermez. Laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan deneylerde bl\u00f6flerin de yanl\u0131\u015f itiraflara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc san\u0131klar ger\u00e7e\u011fin bir g\u00fcn nas\u0131lsa ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yanl\u0131\u015f bir inan\u0131\u015fa sahipler. Hatta baz\u0131 vakalarda zanl\u0131n\u0131n akl\u0131 o kadar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r ki su\u00e7u i\u015flemi\u015f oldu\u011funu bile sanabilir. \u201c (Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol 18, p 567).<\/p>\n

Zanl\u0131n\u0131n su\u00e7unu itiraf etmesini sa\u011flaman\u0131n bir yolu da hile ile zanl\u0131y\u0131 bir oyunun i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekmektir. Kanada Atl\u0131 Polisleri\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMr.Big\u201d ad\u0131 verilen teknikte zanl\u0131, gizli polislerin uydurdu\u011fu kurmaca bir su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne kat\u0131lmaya ikna edilir. \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn lideri olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Mr.Big \u2013ba\u015fka bir gizli polis- zanl\u0131n\u0131n eski i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lar\u0131 anlatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun bir zemin haz\u0131rlar. Zanl\u0131 itirafta bulunursa oyun sona erer. Zanl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7 vakada bu gibi tuzaklara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tespit edildi.<\/p>\n

Kanada\u2019daki Saint Mary\u2019s \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Steven Smith ve ekibi bu gibi kurgular\u0131n su\u00e7lunun yakalanmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok bereketli bir ortam olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor (Psychology, Public Policy and Law, vol 15, p 168).<\/p>\n

Masumlar da su\u00e7lu san\u0131labilir\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zanl\u0131y\u0131, bask\u0131 kurmadan daha nazik y\u00f6ntemlerle sorgulamak da her zaman sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fcyor. Dedektiflerin klasik y\u00f6ntemi, zanl\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan baz\u0131 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 elde etmektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin zanl\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z temas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131, s\u00fcrekli tedirgin ve k\u0131p\u0131r k\u0131p\u0131r olmas\u0131 vb.. Fakat bilim insanlar\u0131 bu gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n da yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Leicester \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden adli psikolog Ray Bull, masum insanlar\u0131n da stres alt\u0131nda su\u00e7luymu\u015f gibi davranabildiklerini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu gibi durumlarda davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n de\u011fil, s\u00f6zlerin \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirten Bull, \u201cYalanc\u0131lar \u00e7o\u011funlukla kendi kendilerini yalanlarlar. Bu y\u00fczden sorgulamada zanl\u0131n\u0131n kendi kendisiyle ters d\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak sorular sormal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

Bull, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Portsmouth \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Samantha Mann ve Aldert Vrij ile birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmada tan\u0131k soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan yararlanarak 99 polis aday\u0131na hangi zanl\u0131n\u0131n yalan, hangisinin ise do\u011fruyu s\u00f6yledi\u011fine karar vermesini istedi. Bull sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201cDo\u011fru tespiti yapan memurlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flara de\u011fil, s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Oysa davran\u0131\u015flardan anlam \u00e7\u0131kartamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, normal olas\u0131l\u0131k de\u011ferleri i\u00e7indeydi.\u201d (Journal of Applied Psychology, vol 89, p 137).<\/p>\n

3-<\/strong> Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek:<\/strong> Diyelim ki tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde araba kullanan bir ki\u015finin su\u00e7lu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar vermek zorundas\u0131n\u0131z. ABD yasalar\u0131, bu t\u00fcr vakalar\u0131nda daval\u0131y\u0131, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re yarg\u0131lar. Mahkeme ancak tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate al\u0131r. Ne var ki h\u0131zl\u0131 giden bir arac\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan bir yayan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde yaralanabilece\u011fi kayg\u0131s\u0131, karar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek olan bu e\u011filim \u201cB\u00f6yle olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordum\u201d e\u011filimi olarak da ifade edilebilir. Bu, ki\u015finin, olay olup bittikten, yani sonu\u00e7 belli olduktan sonra bunu \u00f6nceden tahmin etti\u011fi \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak kolay de\u011fildir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma, hakimin yaln\u0131zca ki\u015finin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yor. Psikologlar yaln\u0131zca mant\u0131k y\u00fcr\u00fcterek bu t\u00fcr e\u011filimlerin \u00fcstesinden gelmenin \u00e7ok kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor (New Scientist, 12 Kas\u0131m 2011, p 38).<\/p>\n

Colorado \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden psikolog Edie Greene bu durumda duru\u015fmalar\u0131n ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini \u2013y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ve tazminat davalar\u0131 olarak- \u00f6neriyor. Karar verecek olan yetkiliye yaln\u0131zca gerekli bilgilerin verilmesinin do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. Bu \u015fekilde ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnen davalarda yetkilinin daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kararlar verdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bu uygulama y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte. \u00d6rne\u011fin tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde araba kullanan ki\u015fi, eyleminin su\u00e7 te\u015fkil edip etmedi\u011fine karar verilmesi i\u00e7in ceza mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lan\u0131rken, yaralanan ki\u015fi ise talep etti\u011fi tazminat\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u00e7in asliye hukuk mahkemelerine ba\u015fvurur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nyarg\u0131y\u0131 altetmek\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

4-<\/strong> \u0130nsanlar\u0131 k\u00f6rle\u015ftiren \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 \u00fclkenin mahkeme salonlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir elinde adalet terazisi, g\u00f6zleri ba\u011fl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n fig\u00fcr\u00fc bulunur. Bu fig\u00fcr mahkemelerin tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 simgeler. Bunun anlam\u0131 davalar\u0131n zanl\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gereklili\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Ne var ki bu sonuca ula\u015fmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden zordur ve etkisini sinsi bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterir. Irk\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar bu ba\u011flamda \u00fczerinde en \u00e7ok durulan e\u011filimdir. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, mahkumiyet kararlar\u0131n\u0131n hem hakimin hem de savc\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc e\u011filimlerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor (Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol 20, p 58). Atina\u2019daki Georgia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden David Mustard\u2019\u0131n liderli\u011finde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, 1990\u2019larda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen 77 bin vaka incelendi.<\/p>\n

Zenginlik, e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi ve sab\u0131ka kayd\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rleri kontrol alt\u0131nda tutan Mustard, hapis cezalar\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n %10\u2019undan \u0131rksal \u00f6zelliklerin sorumlu oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131 (The Journal of Law and Economics, vol 44, p 285).<\/p>\n

\u00d6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n etkisi yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinin her a\u015famas\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00f6nyarg\u0131 her zaman daval\u0131y\u0131 hedef almaz; tan\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 da \u00f6nyarg\u0131 geli\u015febilir (Psychology, Crime& Law, vol 13, p 317).<\/p>\n

Peki bu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131labilir? Baz\u0131lar\u0131, j\u00fcri sisteminin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde, j\u00fcri \u00fcyelerinin gizli e\u011filimlerinin mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ne var ki bu konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de hukuk dilinin basitle\u015ftirilmesiyle elde edilebilir. Yasalar\u0131n dili sokaktaki insan\u0131n anlayamayaca\u011f\u0131 kadar karma\u015f\u0131k ve zordur. Bu dili anlamakta zorluk \u00e7eken tan\u0131klar ve j\u00fcri, yasalardan \u00e7ok \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini y\u00f6nlendirmesine izin verirler.<\/p>\n

Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nleme kar\u015f\u0131n psikologlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n etkisinden kurtulman\u0131n olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. Greene , \u201cOlup biteni yorumlarken her zaman deneyimlerimizin, inan\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve sosyal konumumuzun etkisinde kal\u0131r\u0131z\u201d diyor. New Scientist, 12 May\u0131s 2012 –\u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi Reyhan Oksay\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak : Cumhuriyet Haber Portal\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n

Ergenekon, Balyoz ve benzeri davalarda uzun tutukluluk ile tutuklu yarg\u0131laman\u0131n kural haline geldi\u011fi \u00fclkemizde, bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 bellidir. Ancak New Scientist dergisi soruyu siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fil, bili\u015fsel a\u00e7\u0131dan irdeliyor.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet- Dergiye g\u00f6re insan beyninin zaaflar\u0131 adil bir yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 raydan \u00e7\u0131kartabilir. Ancak yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde at\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f ad\u0131m\u0131 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gundem","odd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=52274"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52274\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=52274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=52274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.korhanyilmaz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=52274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}